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The terms that refer to the closest and farthest positions of celestial objects relative to the sun are perihelion and aphelion. Perihelion indicates the point at which a celestial body, such as a planet or comet, is nearest to the sun in its orbit. This proximity leads to increased solar energy, which can affect the body's temperature and other physical characteristics.

On the other hand, aphelion is the term used for the farthest point from the sun in the body's orbit. At aphelion, the celestial object is at the maximum distance from the sun, resulting in a decrease in solar energy received.

These terms are critical in understanding the orbits of various celestial bodies and play a significant role in astronomical calculations, such as determining seasons and climatic variations on Earth based on the varying distance from the sun.

The other options, while related to celestial positioning and timing, do not specifically address the proximity of objects in their orbits around the sun. Apogee and perigee relate to the earth-moon system, while declination and right ascension are used in celestial navigation and mapping the positions of stars. Equinox and solstice refer to specific points in the Earth's orbit that relate to the change of seasons rather